Republic of Portugal’s capital Lisbon. 92’345 km2 area. Population: 10 million
The country stretches over 550 km in north-south direction with an average width of about 150 km. The borders Portugal to Spain to be determined by mountains and rivers. The interior is largely mountainous. In the west and south, the mountains fall into a large, intensively farmed coastal plain from out. The climate is largely dependent on the level of the region. High temperatures prevail, especially in the Mediterranean-influenced south. North of the Duero, the average annual temperature about 10 ° C, between the Tagus and Duero 15.6 ° C and in the valley of the Guadiana 18.3 ° C.
From the first steps of Portugal as an independent nation, founded in 1143, testified by countless Romanesque churches and castles and medieval villages. Only much later was to become an independent Portuguese architecture, namely the Manueline style, a late form of Gothic, in the 15th and 16 Century unfolded to its full glory. The tile jewelry played, especially from 17 Century, and was also a significant role in the churches, palaces and town houses to stay.
The American actor John Malkovich is an avid fan of Portugal. He owns not only a house but is also co-owner of a disco in the north. He recently finished filming several films in Portugal.
Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa in Portuguese), located at the mouth of the Tagus in the Atlantic Ocean,
now offers an exclusive blend of nostalgia and modern city design. Even a view from Lookout Point Santa Luzia on the roofs of the Alfama district and the Tejobucht enough to stand out from the ‘ville blanche, “the” white city “to be drawn into the spell. And who is a little more time can be and the streets and lanes of the 600,000 inhabitants metropolis roams, will visit its many historical buildings and on the Rossio, the main square of town, or on the adjacent Praça da Figueira is in one of the classic coffee houses, his first impressions are only confirmed.
East of the Praça do Comércio, in Rua dos Bacalhoeiros for example, we find the palm-fringed Cebolas the Campo. Here is the Casa dos Bicos. This exceptional property, with its pyramid-shaped stones, 1523, was built by Brás de Albuquerque, the illegitimate son of the then Viceroy of India, Afonso de Albuquerque. He had to decorate the facade of the Italian-style palace built needle with pointed stones that resemble polished diamonds. Click here for map of Lisbon …
Something from the history of Portugal and its wines
In ancient times, brought Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and vines on the Iberian Peninsula. In the long Muslim domination of 8 to 12 Century viticulture stagnated, however, came in spite of the wine ban is not appeased. In the 12th Century, founded the Cistercian Order in Portugal more than 100 monasteries and affected viticulture crucial. King Dinis (1279-1325), nicknamed “Lavrador Rei” (King of the farmers) promoted agriculture and wine so successful that could be built with the proceeds of a commercial fleet and thus the basis for the rise to world power was created.
When the English were at war with France, dried up the source for wine and England sought compensation. Douro was to find and so was able to flourish because of the good sales market for wine production. The most famous wine of Portugal, port wine, was discovered at that time. The English King William III. rose in 1693 as high tariffs on French wines that the English wine merchant based in Portugal. Learn more about Port wine here soon.
Today, in a cultivated area of 261 000 hectares annually produces around seven million hectoliters of wine. To 30% of whites and 70% produced rosé and red wines. The most famous Portuguese wines are well-Madeira, Port and Vinho Verde. However, in 1942, created by Mateus Rosé Sogrape and similar products such as Fonseca Lancers of around 40% of the Portuguese export volume for some time that the status has expired. Viticulture is an important industry in Portugal, about 15% of the population live on. Because of the climate, the country is ideal for wine growing, because of the wine growing northern part has abundant rainfall and long, lovely summer. The floors are mostly made of granite and slate.
Portugal is the “Land of the 500 indigenous varietals” that were once largely cultivated as a mixed set. Only in the 1980s was (mainly because of EU regulations for quality wine regions) began to create pure varietal vineyards. The most important red varieties are Alfrocheiro, Aragonez (Tinta Roriz), Baga, Bastardo, Castelão Francês (Periquita, Santarém), Sousao (Vinhao), Tinta Barroca, Touriga Francês (over 25% of vineyards, the most widely grown variety), Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira Preta (Tinta Amarela). The main white varieties are Alvarinho, Arinto, Azal, Encruzado, Esgana Cao, Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Loureiro and Treixadura.
IWA
Independent Portuguese wine producers have joined together under the name of Independent Winegrowers Association (IWA) to a new export association. The goal is to make such as the diversity of native varieties and outside the country known. Among the founding members of the association include Joao Pedro d’Araujo (Casa de Cello), Nuno Araujo (Quinta de Covela), Pedro Araujo (Quinta do Ameal) and Luis Lorenco (Quinta dos Roques).
Portugal’s leading cork producer in the world
Another important export items in addition to wine corks. Portugal is the world’s largest producer. Approximately seventy-five percent of the world’s ten billion Korkstoppel produced annually from the country on the Iberian Peninsula. Already in ancient times knew the Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks and the Romans used the cork. For the closure of their amphorae but mostly they used earplugs made of terracotta (burnt earth = unglazed clay) which they attached with string and then seal with paint, clay or pitch. to the rediscovery of the cork is attributed to the monk Dom Perignon (1638-1715), who allegedly experimented with the production of champagne to have.
In Portugal, the cork goes back to about the year 1700, the first processing plants were built probably around 1770 in the area of Porto. At this time was the famous Vintage Port, a place in bottle maturing in casks of port. To transport the bottles had to be closed, which caused a large demand for corks with it. Today there are approximately 20,000 workers who earn their living by, among many large families who for generations in some way are connected with the cork. The area planted with cork oaks in Portugal is about 30 percent of the total global arable land. Every year about 150,000 tonnes of cork is produced.
The statutory provisions
The first legal action in Portugal in the regulation of 20th May 1927 and were eventually settled updated 1988th In addition there are 1991 in the European CE-Liège Korkverband the major European countries joined the Cork, to be examined in production conditions and the impact on the quality of the finished corks scientifically. Important part in this program it is published in 1996, “International Code of Practices Bouchonnieres,” a pioneering work on good manufacturing and processing of wine and champagne corks. Cork is in addition to Portugal for example produced in Spain, Algeria, Italy and Morocco.
Prefabrication
Cork is a natural product and is made from the bark of the cork oak Quercus suber. Color and appearance of the Korkholzes provide useful data on the origin and the duration of post-harvest storage. Only a sufficient thickness of the cork guarantees the required diameter of the bottle stopper. Therefore, the strength (thickness) of the cork plate by 5 mm above the value of the desired Korkdurchmessers lie. The board should also have nine years rings (growth years).
The most important task that a cork has to fulfill, can be described briefly:
A proper seal can be ensured.
Sterility must be provided.
The quality of the cork must be uniform and consistent flavor neutral.
The quality of the wine must be maintained through the cork.
Up from the cork stopper for the wine, it goes through a complicated procedure. The cork can be stripped as soon as possible on a truck loaded and transported for further processing in the production facilities in northern Portugal. Thus, the risk of infection by a bark storage is reduced in the forests and protected the precious cork from theft.
Before the first cooking the material must be at least 6 months of good ventilation and low ground contact in the store outside. The first washing process, the stack of plates are immersed in water for one hour at approximately 100 ° C. The Korkholz be removed unwanted substances. The wash water must be of sound quality and must be changed frequently.
The now more or less flat plates are mounted to stabilize the moisture content in the lobby of the company for another 3 weeks. Too high or too low humidity makes it difficult to punch the cork. Depending on quality, the strips of cork, either mechanically or, punched for high-quality cork by hand.
The processing of the cork
Since the research of Hans Tanner at the Wädenswil Research Station in Zurich is known that washing can lead to chlorine-containing alkaline solutions to the unwanted Korkton (Zapf taste) the wine. If this procedure is still required by French and Australian importers and explicitly practiced so in Portugal still so in the meantime, but new methods have been developed that are based primarily on the basis of hydrogen peroxide, because the consumer wants light cork.
In the company LUSO-SUICA in Pacos de Brandao, a joint venture between Switzerland and the Portuguese cork Chaillot JADC, the hand-stamped, subject to a controlled, high-quality cork Peroxidwaschung. After the final sorting out the cork and air conditioning the work towards Switzerland, where held at Chaillot in Allamand nor the sealing and final inspection in the laboratory.
CTCOR
Instrumental in promoting quality at the processing plants of Portuguese cork is the safe, opened in 1991 Korkforschungszentrum CTCOR (Centro Tecnologico da Cortica). Learn more about this …
Workmanship of cork are:
Green wood
Worm or ant holes
Fractures or cracks
woody or bulbous bodies
less than 4 annual rings
By sealing corks are technically upgraded. The previously used paraffin is used today in Korkbehandlung barely. For this set the most Korkhersteller emulsions based on plastic, so as to achieve a surface treatment in natural cork. This means that the corks are processed free of dust and with good sliding and seat characteristics.
When pressed cork is a “cork substitute,” which is made from crushed and binders. In the colmated cork cork at least be visually improved by adding a Kolmatage of cork powder and binders to the “jointing” is used. The cork has no pores and thus shows no gas diffusion. The sealed with cork bottles should be stored upright. The corks may otherwise weaken and lead to extensions.
Alternatives to cork
Meanwhile superior wine, the cork to be replaced by alternative bottle closures. Some use the relatively new plastic plugs. Swiss wine producers are pioneering the use of screw caps. Winzer Peter Querbach of Oestrich-Winkel (Rheingau-D) developed several years ago the “Stainlesscap”, a now patented bottle cap system, which is hidden under a cap, a stainless steel cap. Brand-new got to talk a glass closure, which reminds of a handle corks, taste neutrality guaranteed, and reusable.
Want to learn more about the benefits of cork in the wine, please click here …
Want to learn more about the origin of Korktons (Zapf taste) in the wine, please click here …
The Swiss are world champions in Cork Recycling
Every two months, plays out on a Zurich attic strange: Seniors – they call themselves “Free evergreens” – gather to sort thousands of corks and free of metal parts and waste. Their voluntary work thanks the Swiss have the unquestionable reputation, world champion in the cork to be recycled. Natural cork has a very long life, to recycle it, is an ecological and economic absurdity. A tree can be peeled before the age of 25 years for the first time (for industrial use), for bottle cork is the bark suitable for the first 45 years. Other times this can be done in ten-year intervals, about 15 times can be a tree bark.
In Switzerland, the cork factory Näfels on the specialized grinding of used corks. The unimposing cork bottle stoppers emerge as an insulating material for house construction and use natural products for craftsmen and chemists – the senior’s thank.
The quality levels and regions of the Portuguese wine
Respect for age or maturation of a wine it is descriptions such as Verde (no aging), Maduro (old or matured in barrels), reserva (red wines three years old – one of them in the bottle, white wine a year – six months in bottle) , Garrafeira (such as Reserva and higher alcohol content) and Velho (red three white wines age two years). Doce or adamado means sweet (see above all the other terms). The wine quality levels are based on the wine-law of the EU. The Vinho de mesa equivalent to the German or Austrian or the French table wine vin de table. The appellation system is divided into three stages. The lowest level is Vinho Regional (VR). This country wines appropriacy the French Vin de Pays, but have in Portugal a very special quality importance. The quality level of IPR (indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada) was introduced by the EU accession and corresponds to the French or Italian VDQS IGT. The highest level of DOC (denominação de Origem Controlada) includes quality wines protected regions and corresponds to the Italian DOC, DO Spanish and French AOC. The areas by region:
Alentejo (DOC)
* Alentejano (VR)
* Borba (Sub-area)
* Evora (Sub-area)
* Granja-Amareleja (Sub-area)
* Moura (Sub-area)
* Portalegre (Sub-area)
* Ridondo (Sub-area)
* Reguengos (Sub-area)
* Vidigueira (Sub-area)
Algarve (VR)
* Lagoa (DOC)
* Lagos (DOC)
* Portimão (DOC)
* Tavira (DOC)
Azores (IPR)
* Biscoitos (IPR)
* Graciosa (IPR)
* Pico (IPR)
Beiras (VR)
* Bairrada (DOC)
* Beira Interior (DOC)
* Dao (DOC)
* Lafões (IPR)
* Tavora-Ravosa (DOC)
Douro (DOC)
* Porto e Douro (DOC for port wine)
Extremadura (VR)
* Alenquer (DOC)
* Arruda (DOC)
* Bucelas (DOC)
* Carcavelos (DOC)
* Cartaxo (IPR)
* Colares (DOC)
* Lourinhã (DOC)
* Obidos (DOC)
* Torres Vedras (DOC)
Madeira (DOC) (more about it here ..)
Ribatejo (DOC)
* Cartaxo (IPR)
* Ribatejana (VR)
Terras do Sado (VR)
* Arrábida (IPR)
* Palmela (DOC)
* Setubal (DOC)
Trás-os-Montes (VR)
* Chaves (IPR)
* Plan Alto Mirandês (IPR)
* Valpacos (IPR)
* Varosa (IPR)
Vinho Verde (DOC)
* Rios do Minho (VR)